Publications
Year
2025
1. Vasudevan, V., Tran, B., Burke, S. M., Tucker, P., & Irwin, J.D. (January 2025). Changes in Stress-Related Outcomes among Graduate Students following the Mindfulness Ambassador Program: A Pilot Study. PLoS ONE, 20(1): e0313499. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313499
2. Contini, N., Burke, S. M., Tucker, P., & Irwin, J. D. (2025). The prevalence of students meeting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines in a sample of Ontario undergraduate university students. Journal of American College Health, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2025.2520370
3. Ahluwalia, M., Burke, S., Levine, A., Irwin, J.D. (2025). Exploring the relationship between Ontario undergraduate university students’ levels of resilience and their experiences of diversity and inclusion. Journal of American College Health, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2025.2522739
4. Vasudevan, V., Hanson, B., Gittings, L., Minda, J. P., & Irwin, J. D. (2025). A systematic review of stress reduction interventions among graduate students. Journal of American College Health, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2025.2503827
2024
1. Labadie, C. T., Contini, N., Vasudevan, V., Bourke, M., Burke, S. M.,Tucker, P., Irwin, J. D. (2024). Encouraging Movement Opportunities Through Theory-Informed Video Education in Undergraduate Students: The MOVE Study. Journal of American College Health, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2024.2427055.
2. Yates, J., Shillington, K. J., Mantler, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2024). The resilience and health-related quality of life of parent versus non-parent post-secondary students. Current Psychology, (43), 31530-31541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06729-4 [first authors were graduate students on the project - supervised by Dr. Mantler and I]
3. Shillington, K. J., Yates, J., Mantler, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2024). The mental health of parent versus non-parent post-secondary students. PLOS Mental Health, 1(3), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmen.0000021
4. Shillington, K. J., Burke, S. M., Mantler, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2024). “I do think that accessibility is a really major thing that has come [out] of [the] pandemic”: The lived experiences of resilience and health-related quality of life among a diverse sample of graduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS ONE, 19(8), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309171
5. Shillington, K. J., Vanderloo, L. M., Burke, S. M., Ng, V., Tucker, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2024). Factors That Contributed to Ontario Adults’ Mental Health During the First 16 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Decision Tree Analysis. PeerJ. 12:e17193 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17193
6. Shillington, K. J., Burke, S. M., Mantler, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2024). A cross-sectional examination of Ontario graduate students’ levels of resilience and health related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic: The CARE study. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05653-
2023
1. Shillington, K. J., Vanderloo, L. M., Burke, S. M., Ng, V., Tucker, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2023). Ontario Adults’ Mental Health and Wellbeing During the First 16 Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion. https://doi.org/10.1177/26320770231200211
2. Ahluwalia, M., Shillington, K. J., & Irwin, J. D. (2023). The relationship between resilience and mental health of undergraduate students: A scoping review. Journal of American College Health, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2023.2252925
3. Shillington, K. J., Yates, J., Vanderloo, L. M., Burke, S. M., Ng, V., Tucker, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2023). ‘When you give kindness out, you get it back ten times more’: Ontario adults’ prosocial behaviour during the first 16 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS ONE, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288720
4. Pawar N., Majumdar A., Nedungalaparambil N.M., Nair L., Jasimudeen, Gupta S., Johnson A., John N., Shillington K. J., Ng V., Reghunath R., Shaji E.J, & Irwin J.D. (2023). COVID-somnia: Sleep Disturbances During the COVID-19 Pandemic with Spatial Hotspots - Findings from the Health Outcomes for Adults During and Following the COVID-19 PandEmic (HOPE) India Study. Cureus 15(5): e39213. https://doi:10.7759/cureus.39213
5. Shillington, K. J., Morrow, D., Meadows, K., Labadie, C. T., Tran, B., Raza, Z., Qi, C., Vranckx, D. J., Bhalla, M., Bluth, K., Cousineau, T. M., Cunningham, D. E., Estrada, M., Massey, J., Ncube, N., & Irwin, J. D. (2023). Leveraging Kindness in Canadian Post-Secondary Education: A Conceptual Paper. College Teaching. https://doi.org/10.1080/87567555.2023.2181307
2022
1. Vasudevan, V., Karmali, S., & Irwin, J. D. (2022). Parents’ A priori Wants and What They Valued from Obesity-Focused Educational Webinars. Western Undergraduate Research Journal: Health and Natural Sciences, 11(1), 1-12. https://doi:10.5206/wurjhns.2021-22.4
2. Rudkovska, A., Sui, Y., & Irwin, J.D. (2022). Exploring the prevalence of nomophobia in a Canadian university: An environmental scan. American Journal of College Health, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2070712
3. Shillington, K. J., Jackson, K. T., Davidson, C. A., Yates, J., Irwin, J. D., Kaschor, B., & Mantler, T. (2022). Riding on Resilience: Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence. SN Social Sciences, 2(92), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-022-00343-6
4. Sui, W., Sui, A., Munn, J., & Irwin, J. D. (2022). Comparing the prevalence of nomophobia and smartphone addiction among university students pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19. Journal of American College Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2087473
5. Sui, W., Munn, J., & Irwin, J. D. (2022). Exploring and predicting Canadian university students’ trait anxiety and nomophobia during COVID-19. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 1– 13. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2022.2065514
6. Shillington, K. J., Vanderloo, L. M., Burke, S. M., Ng, V., Tucker, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2022). A Cross-Sectional Examination of Canadian Adults’ Prosocial Behaviour During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Rural Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1037/rmh0000201
2021
1. Shillington, K. J., Vanderloo, L. M., Burke, S. M., Ng, V., Tucker, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2021). Ontario Adults’ Health Behaviors, Mental Health, and Overall Wellbeing During COVID-19. BMC Public Health, 21(1679), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11732-6
2. Shillington, K. J., Johnson, A. M., Mantler, T., Burke, S. M. & Irwin, J. D. (2021). Kindness as an Intervention for Student Social Interaction Anxiety, Resilience, Affect, and Mood: The KISS of Kindness Study II. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00379-0
3. Shillington, K. J., Vanderloo, L. M., Burke, S. M., Ng, V., Tucker, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2021). Not So Sweet Dreams: Adults' Quantity, Quality, and Disruptions of Sleep During the Initial Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sleep Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.028
4. Ly, H., Lee, C. J., & Irwin, J. D. (2021). Step on up! A multi-component health promotion intervention to promote stair climbing. Health Education Journal. https://doi:10.1177/0017896920987586
5. Moulin, S.M, Prapavessis, H., Tucker, P, & Irwin, J.D. (2021): Using mixed-method feasibility studies to examine the impact of a mobile standing desk on undergraduates’ sedentary time. Journal of American College Health. https://doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1865974
6. Bruijns, B.A., Johnson, A.M., Irwin, J.D., Burke, S.M., Driediger, M., Vanderloo, L.M., & Tucker, P. (2021). Training may enhance early childhood educators’ self-efficacy to lead physical activity in childcare. BMC Public Health, 21(386), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10400-
2020
1. Rudkovska, A., Sui, W., & Irwin, J.D. (2020). Assessing the prevalence and severity of smartphone addiction in post-secondary students: A brief report. American Journal of College Health, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1800712
2. Karmali, S., Battram, D. S., Burke, S. M., Cramp, A., Johnson, A. M., Mantler, T., Morrow, D., Ng, V., Pearson, E. S., Petrella, R. J., Tucker, P., & Irwin, J. D. (2020). Perspectives and impact of a parent-child intervention on dietary intake and physical activity behaviours, parental motivation, and parental body composition: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186822
3. Karmali, S., Battram, D. S., Burke, S. M., Cramp, A., Mantler, T., Morrow, D., Ng, V., Pearson, E. S., Petrella, R., Tucker, P., & Irwin, J. D. (2020). Clients' and Coaches' Perspectives of a Life Coaching Intervention for Parents with Overweight/Obesity. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 18(2), 115-132. doi: 10.24384/2wjj-py19
4. Shillington, K. J., Johnson, A. M., Mantler, T., & Irwin, J. D. (2020). Kindness as an intervention for student social interaction anxiety, affect, and mood: The KISS of kindness study. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology. https://doi:10.1007/s41042-020-00036-6
5. Ly, H., & Irwin, J. D. (2020). Skip the wait and take a walk home! The suitability of point-of-choice prompts to promote active transportation among undergraduate students. Journal of American College Health, 1-9. https://doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1739052
2019
1. Moulin M.S., Lee C.J., Tucker P, Prapavessis H, Irwin J.D. (2019). Weekly recall of sedentary time: Validity of 2 weekly self-reported measures in undergraduate students. Transl Sports Med. 00:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.123
2. Moulin, M.S., Truelove, S., Burke, SM., & Irwin, J.D. (2019). Sedentary Time Among Undergraduate Students: A Systematic Review. American Journal of College Health. https://doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1661422
3. Fried, R.R., Atkins, M.P., & Irwin, J.D. (2019). Breaking grad: Building resilience among a sample of graduate students struggling with stress and anxiety utilizing a peer coaching model derived from mentoring, and motivational interviewing via Co-Active Life Coaching (MI-via-CALC) – A pilot study. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 17(2), 3-19. https://doi:10.24384/sa09-av9
2018
1. Fried, R., Karmali, S., Irwin, J.D., Gable, F., and Salmoni, A., (2018). Making the grade: Mentors’ perspectives of a course-based Smart, Healthy Campus pilot project for building mental health resilience through mentorship and physical activity. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring*, 16(2), 84-98.
2. Ly, H., & Irwin, J.D. (2018) Designing effective point-of-choice prompts to promote active transportation and staircase use at a Canadian university. Journal of American College Health, 67(3), 215-223. https://doi:10.1080/07448481
2017
1. Paviglianiti, N., & Irwin, J.D. (2017). Students’ experiences of a voluntary random acts of kindness. Health promotion class project. Youth Engagement in Health Promotion, 1(3): 1-23 (23 pages). (*note: the first author was an undergraduate student).
2. Liu, R.H., & Irwin, J.D. (2017). What is needed to support bariatric surgery recipients’ long-term health and wellbeing? Bariatric clinic staff’s perspectives. European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare, 5(4), 480-489. (10 pages).
3. Moulin, M.S., & Irwin, J.D. (2017). An assessment of sedentary time among undergraduate students at a Canadian University. International Journal of Exercise Science, 10(8), 1116-1129.
4. Liu, R.H., & Irwin, J.D. (2017). Understanding the post-surgical bariatric experiences of patients two or more years after surgery. Quality of Life Research, [Ahead of Print], 1-12. https://doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1652-z
5. Liu, R.H., Irwin, J.D. (2017). Bariatric surgery recipients’ needs and perspectives on maintaining long-term health and well-being. Bariatric Surgical Practice and Patient Care, 12(2), 72-84. https://doi:10.1089/bari.2016.0043
6. Ly, H., & Irwin, J.D. (2017). The relationship between perceptions of discounted public transit and physical activity: Cross-sectional online survey in Canada. Case Studies on Transport Policy (5)2, 279-285. https://doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2017.01.002
2016
2015
1. Naidu, R., Nunn, J., & Irwin, J.D. (2015). The effect of motivational interviewing on oral healthcare knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of parents and caregivers of preschool children: An exploratory cluster randomized controlled study. BMC Oral Health, 15(101). https://doi:10.1186/s12903-015-0068-9
2. Friedman, C.S., Morrow, D., & Irwin, J.D. (2015). Invigorating oral health care: Using motivational interviewing in clinical practice. SPECTRUM Dental Teamwork, 8(3) 36-42.
3. Liu, R.H., Irwin, J.D., & Morrow, D. (2015). Health behaviour outcomes of co-active coaching interventions: A scoping review. International Journal of Evidenced Based Coaching and Mentoring*, 13(1), 15-42.
2014
1. Boland, S., Irwin J.D., & Johnson, A.M. (2014). A survey of students’ vitamin D-related knowledge. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(1), 99-103. https://doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2014.08.013
2. Mantler, T., Irwin, J.D., Morrow, D., Hall, C., & Mandich, A. (2014). Assessing motivational interviewing via co-active life coaching on selected smoking cessation outcomes. Addiction Research & Theory, 23(10), 131-142. https://doi:10.3109/16066359.2014.946410
2013
1. Ng, V., & Irwin, J.D. (2013). Prescriptive medicine: The importance of preparing Canadian medical students to counsel patients toward physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10: 889-899.
2. Friedman, C., Morrow, D., & Irwin, J.D. (2013). What are you willing to change to promote your patients’ oral health? Find out how motivational interviewing can help you help your patients. Ontario Dentist: Journal of the Ontario Dental Association, June issue, 20-23.
3. Thomas, H.M.C., & Irwin, J.D. (2013). Using photovoice with at-risk youth participating in a community-based cooking program. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 74(1), 14-20. (7 pages).
4. Pearson, E. S., Irwin, J. D., Morrow, D., Battram, D., & Melling, C.W.J. (2013). The CHANGE program: Comparing an interactive versus prescriptive approach to self-management among university students with obesity. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 37(1), 4-11. (8 pages). Invited article (invitation to J.D. Irwin).
5. Pearson, E.S., Irwin, J.D., Burke S. & Shapiro S. (2013). Parental perspectives of a 4-week family-based lifestyle intervention for children with obesity. Global Journal of Health Sciences, 5(2), 111-122. https://doi:10.5539/gjhs.v5n2p111
6. Mantler, T., Irwin, J.D., & Morrow, D. (2013). The experience and impact of motivational interviewing-via-coaching tools on national smokers’ telephone hotline employees. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring, 11(1), 55-68.
2012
1. Pearson, E.S., Irwin, J.D., & Morrow, D. (2012). The CHANGE program: Methodology for comparing interactive co-active coaching with a prescriptive lifestyle treatment for obesity. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring, 11(1), 69-84. (16 pages).
2. Pearson E.S, Irwin J.D., Morrow, D., & Hall, C. (2012). The CHANGE program: Comparing an interactive versus prescriptive obesity intervention on university students’ self-esteem and quality of life. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 4(3), 369-389. https://doi:10.1111/j.17580854.2012.01080.x
3. Pearson, E.S., Irwin, J.D., & Burke, S. (2012). The Children’s Health and Activity Modification Program (C.H.A.M.P.): Participants’ perspectives of a four-week lifestyle intervention for children with obesity. Journal of Child Health Care, 16(4), 382-394. ***This paper was selected as one of the best papers the journal had published, and as such, became part of a special issue [June 2013, 7(2)]
4. Thomas, H., & Irwin, J.D. (2012). Cook it up!: Formative Evaluation of a community-based cooking program for at-risk youth in London, ON. International Journal of Home Economics, 5(1), 64-83.
5. Wiley, E.J., Irwin, J.D., & Morrow, D. (2012). Health care practitioners’ perceptions of motivational interviewing training for facilitating behavior change among patients. Journal of Allied Health, 41(3), 131-139.
6. Mantler, T., Irwin, J.D., & Morrow, D. (2012). Motivational interviewing and smoking behaviours: A critical appraisal and literature review of selected cessation initiatives. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 445-460.
7. Newnham-Kanas, C., Morrow, D., & Irwin, J.D. (2012). Certified professional co-active coaches: Why they enjoy coaching. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring, 10(1), 48-56.
2011
1. Thomas, H., Tucker, P., Fellner, L., & Irwin, J.D. (2011) Healthy eating and physical activity challenges and opportunities in after-school programs: Providers’ perspectives. Child Health and Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 3(2), 106-121.
2. Thomas, H., & Irwin, J.D. (2011). Cook It Up! A community-based cooking program for at-risk youth: Overview of a food literacy intervention, BMC Research Notes, 4: 495-501.
3. Newnham-Kanas, C., Irwin J.D., & Morrow, D. (2011). Participants’ perceived utility of motivational interviewing using co-active life coaching skills on their struggle with obesity. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research & Practice, 4(2), 104-122.
4. Wiley, E.J., Morrow, D., & Irwin, J.D. (2011). The impact of a one-day applied training in motivational interviewing on health practitioners’ perceived competence, autonomy, efficacy, and attitudes to facilitate behavior change: A pilot study. Journal of Community Medicine & Health Education§, 1(1), 101-105. https://doi:10.4172/jcmhe.1000101
5. Newnham-Kanas, C., Irwin J.D., Morrow, D., & Battram, D. (2011). The quantitative assessment of motivational interviewing using co-active life coaching skills as a treatment for adults struggling with obesity. International Coaching Psychology Review, 6(2), 211-225.
6. Newnham-Kanas, C., Irwin J.D., Morrow D. (2011). Findings from a global survey of certified professional co-active coaches. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring, 9(2), 23-36.
7. Tucker, P., & Irwin, J.D. (2011). University students’ satisfaction with, interest in improving, and receptivity to attending programs aimed at health and well-being. Health Promotion Practice, 12(3), 388-395. https://doi:10.1177/1524839908330814
2010
1. Mantler, T., Irwin, J.D., & Morrow, D. (2010). Assessing motivational interviewing through co-active life coaching tools as a smoking cessation intervention: A demonstration study. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring, 8(2), 49-63.
2. Newnham-Kanas, C., Morrow, D., & Irwin, J.D. (2010). Motivational coaching: A functional juxtaposition of three methods for health behaviour change: Motivational interviewing, coaching, and skilled helping. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring* 8(2), 27-48.
3. Thomas, H., & Irwin, J.D. (2010). Food choices in recreation facilities: Operators’ and patrons’ perspectives. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 71(4), 180-185.
4. Tucker, P., & Irwin, J.D. (2010). Physical activity behaviors during the preschool years. Child Health and Education, 2(1), 60-70.
2009
2. Newnham-Kanas, C., Gorczynski, P., Morrow, D. & Irwin, J.D. (2009). Annotated bibliography of life coaching and health research. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring*, 7(1), 39-103.
3. Thomas, H., & Irwin, J.D. (2009). What is a healthy body weight? Perspectives of overweight youth. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 70(3),110-116.
4. Tucker, P., Irwin J.D., Gilliland, J., He, M., Larsen, K., & Hess, P. (2009). Environmental influences on physical activity levels in youth. Health & Place, 15(1), 357-363. (7 pages). *This study was used in the development of the 2012 Active Healthy Kids Canada Physical Activity Report Card
2008
2. Tucker, P., Irwin, J.D., Gilliland, J., & He, M. (2008). Adolescents’ perspective of home, school and neighbourhood environmental influences on physical activity and dietary behaviors. Children, Youth & Environments, 18(2), 12-35.
3. van Zandvoort, M., Irwin J.D., & Morrow, D. (2008). Co-active coaching as an intervention for obesity among female university students. International Coaching Psychology Review, 3(3), 191-206.
4. Newnham-Kanas, C., Irwin J.D., & Morrow, D. (2008) Co-active life coaching as a treatment for adults with obesity. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring, 6(2), 1-12. (12 pages).
5. Gorczynski, P., Morrow, D., & Irwin, J.D. (2008) The impact of co-active coaching on physically inactive 12 to 14 year olds in Ontario. International Journal of Evidence-Based Coaching and Mentoring, 6(2), 13-26.
6. Sabourin, S.G., & Irwin, J.D. (2008). Prevalence of sufficient physical activity among parents attending university. Journal of American College Health, 56(6), 680-685.
2007
2. Irwin, J.D. (2007). The prevalence of physical activity maintenance in a sample of university students: A longitudinal study. Journal of American College Health, 56(1), 37-41. (5 pages).
3. Tucker, P., Gilliland, J., & Irwin, J.D. (2007). Splashpads, swings, and shade: Parents’ preferences for neighborhood parks. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(3), 198-202.
4. Tucker, P., & Irwin, J.D. (2007). University students’ perspectives on a physical activity record-keeping log. Health Promotion Practice, 8, 173-180.
5. Rush, T.J., Ng, V.K., Irwin, J.D., Stitt, L., & He, M. (2007). Food insecurity and dietary intake of immigrant food bank users. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 68(2), 143-148.
6. Irwin, J.D., Ng, V.K., Rush, T.J., Nguyen, C., & He, M. (2007). Can food banks sustain nutrient requirements? A case study in Southwestern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 17-20.
2006
2. Longfield, A., Romas, J., & Irwin, J.D. (2006). The self-worth, physical and social activities of graduate students: A qualitative study. College Student Journal, 40(2), 282-292.
3. Tucker, P., Irwin, J.D. He, M., Sangster Bouck, L.M. & Pollett, G.L. (2006). Preschoolers’ dietary behaviours: Parents' perspectives. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 67(2), 67-71.
4. Tucker, P., Irwin, J.D., Sangster Bouck, L.M., He, M., Pollett, G.L. (2006). Preventing pediatric obesity; recommendations from a community-based qualitative investigation. Obesity Reviews, 7, 251-260.
2005
2. Irwin, J.D., He, M., Sangster Bouck, L.M., Tucker, P., & Pollett, G.L.(2005). Preschoolers’ physical activity behaviours: Parents’ perspectives. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(4), 299-303.
3. He, M., Irwin, J.D., Sangster Bouck, L.M., Tucker, P., & Pollett, G.L. (2005). Screen-viewing behaviors among preschoolers: Parents’ perceptions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 29(2), 120-125.
4. Tucker, P., & Irwin, J.D. (2005). Effective social marketing to promote a campus-based physical activity intervention: Students’ perspectives. Social Marketing Quarterly, 11(2), 55-57.
2004
1. Irwin, J.D. (2004). Prevalence of university students’ sufficient physical activity: A systematic review. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 927-943. (17 pages).