Archaic Period
Hunters, Fishers, and Foragers
During the Early and Middle Archaic Periods (8,000 - 2,500 B.C.) climatic changes occurred to the southwestern Ontario environment. As the climate warmed, the melting ice-cap fed fast-growing lakes and rivers. Vegetation evolved from tundra to the present day temperate deciduous forests. Caribou and other colder-climate animals moved north and were replaced with other animals.
Tools from the archaic period suggest a series of cultural adaptations to the changing environment, such as fishing, wood-working, the pursuit of game, and others.
With the gradual introduction of forests and new game, ambush was no longer an efficient method of hunting. The ATLATL (throwing board) was adopted as a means if projecting spears with greater accuracy over longer distances.
A significant increase in population and an expanded use of the varied habitats suggest a successful adaptation to modern environmental conditions. Distinct cultures were beginning to form and trade networks were developing.
Ornamental or ceremonial artifacts associated with human burial sites, such as smoking pipes and birdstones, appear for the first time in the Late Archaic Period (2,500 - 1,000 B.C.).
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